Michel Wibault, the French aircraft designer, had the idea to use vectored thrust for vertical take-off aircraft. This thrust would come from four centrifugal blowers shaft driven by a Bristol Orion turboprop, the exhaust from each blower being vectored by rotating the blower scrolls.[4] Although the idea of vectoring the thrust was quite novel, the engine proposed was considered to be far too heavy.[5]
In the last ten years, substantial efforts have been made in the industrial, governmental, and academic communities to understand the unique issues associated with combustion instabilities in low-emission gas turbines. The objective of this book is to compile these results into a series of chapters that address the various facets of the problem. The Case Studies section speaks to specific manufacturer and user experiences with combustion instabilities in the development stage and in fielded turbine engines. The book then goes on to examine The Fundamental Mechanisms, The Combustor Modeling, and Control Approaches.
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The Chinese Government remained determined to develop a domestic LCA and parts industry that will be a global competitor by 2020, despite the challenges presented by a constrained LCA and parts industry and considerable technological and market entrance obstacles. By encouraging the development of a domestic industry capable of producing jet-powered transport aircraft, China hopes to advance state-of-the-art technologies in subordinate industries such as machinery, electronics, metallurgy, materials, and information technology.In order to supply its domestic market while continuing to learn how to assemble a modern, complete aircraft to Western standards, two AVIC- II companies teamed with EMBRAER (Brazil) in 2002 for co-production of their regional jet (ERJ-145) in Harbin. AVIC II owns 49 percent of a joint venture with Embraer to manufacture, assemble, sell, and provide after-sales support for the ERJ 135/140/145 family of aircraft in Harbin, China. EMBRAER holds a 51 percent share of this joint venture, investing $25 million to build a new factory for regional jet production. The first ERJ-145 rolled out December 16, 2003; the factory is also capable of producing other EMBRAER models. The enterprise delivered its first plane in 2004; slow orders, however, placed some doubt on the long-term viability of the project. On February 2, 2004, the joint venture won a contract from China Southern Airlines for five ERJs, valued at $120.6 million. At the joint venture's inception, China was projected to need about 583 regional jets seating from 50 to 110 passengers within 20 years. In September 2006, these projections began to materialize when Hainan Airlines, the fourth largest airline company in China, ordered 50 ERJ-145s and an additional 50 ERJ-190s. This order represented the first time EMBRAER's ERJ-190 has sold in China. All aircraft are to be produced by the joint venture in Harbin.Concurrently, China's AVIC-I Commercial Aircraft Division (ACAC) is developing a regional jet, the ARJ21. By starting with a regional jet, China will gain valuable design, engineering, and support skills for jet-powered transport aircraft while avoiding direct competition with with Boeing or Airbus. Initially designed as a 72- to 79-seat aircraft with plans for a stretched version of 90-92 seats, it is design, engineering and support skills for jet-powered transport aircraft. The aircraft is designed to meet domestic needs, though subsequent models may be considered for export as well. The four Chinese factories that were involved in the MD-90 Trunkliner program - the Shanghai Aviation Industrial Corp., Xi'an Aircraft Co., Chengdu Aircraft Co., and Shenyang Aircraft Co.- are partnered on the ARJ21 program. As in the case of the MD-90, the Shanghai facility has taken responsibility for the horizontal stabilizer and final assembly. Xi'an Aircraft is responsible for building the ARJ21's fuselage and wing. Chengdu Aircraft, located some 400 miles southwest of Xi'an, will build the nose section, while Shenyang Aircraft will supply the tail section (empennage). As of March 15, 2007, total orders placed for the ARJ21 stood at 71 aircraft; on December 21, 2007, Kunpeng Airlines added 100 to the order book. Deliveries were expected to begin in the third quarter of 2009, with Shandong Airlines the launch customer. AVIC I hopes to sell 500 regional jets in 20 years and will seek FAA certification to facilitate exports of the aircraft. AVIC I also plans to launch a stretched version of the ARJ21, which would take the aircraft from its maximum of 90 seats to a new maximum of 105. The first ARJ21 rolled off of the assembly line in December 2007, and flight testing should begin in March 2008. The first delivery is scheduled for September 2009. Orders for the ARJ21 stood at 171.China is moving ahead in its pursuit of manufacturing an LCA. Plans announced in 1996 by Chinese and Airbus officials to jointly build a 100-seat Asian Express aircraft that would be added to the Airbus product line never came to fruition. Despite this history, in October 2006 Airbus signed a Framework Agreement with a Chinese consortium to assemble A320 aircraft in Tianjin, China, with production designed to serve the Chinese market; production is scheduled for 2009. This project will give China first-hand knowledge in building another commercially-viable aircraft. Initially costing about $630 million for the production line alone.The development of large aircraft is listed as one of China's 16 major development plans in the country's 11th Five-Year Program (2006-2010). The goal is to produce a large transport aircraft for civil and military purposes by 2015, with entry into civilian service by 2020. According to the president of AVIC- I, the first model of China's LCA, a freighter, should be ready by 2018, followed by a 150-seat passenger aircraft. In March 2007, China's Premier Wen Jiabao approved a plan to form a joint-stock company that would be responsible for the production of this large civil aircraft. 2ff7e9595c
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